Salinidad en peces y acuicultura 2

Salinidad en peces 2

La salinidad tiene muchísimos beneficios para uso en acuicultura este tema es la segunda parte del mismo y acá trataremos diferencias de sal natural y de mesa , también además su uso para tratamientos de osmorregulacion..

En la primera parte tratamos su uso general : Salinidad en la acuicultura 1

En esta segunda parte detallamos diferencias entre sal natural o sal de mesa la cual es dañina, y su uso en osmoterapia para Hidropesia. 

 

Diferencias de sal natural y de mesa

Existen muchos tipos de sal, para no extendernos en el Tema explicaremos lo basico que implica al uso para acuarismo por lo cuál detallaremos diferencias entre sal natural o marina y sal de mesa.

 

Sal natural:  

Proviene de la evaporación del agua del mar, es el concentrado mineral natural  asimilable al 100% por nuestro organismo,

Contiene un 84% de cloruro de sodio y un 16% de de minerales naturales ( magnesio, el silicio, el yodo, o el fósforo,  rubidio, selenio, etc...)

Los elementos químicos que se encuentran en la sal natural están en proporciones muy parecidas a las proporciones de minerales que existen en los seres vivos por lo que cual es beneficios.

Esta proporción de minerales adecuada favorece la homeostasis o el equilibrio en nuestros procesos fisiológicos.

Ademas favorecen el buen equilibrio de la bomba sodio-potasio en nuestras células, lo cual es esencial para la vida y salud.

Ademas esta en forma de pequeños cristales que producen que sea más asimilable por nuestro organismo.

Sal de mesa: 

La sal de mesa (o sal común, o sal refinada) tiene un 97% de cloruro sódico y substancias químicas añadidas.

A diferencia de la sal natural, sólo queda el sodio y el cloruro, el resto de minerales se perdieron en el proceso de refinamiento.

Tambien tiene mucho más sodio que en la sal natural y no tiene el equilibrio idóneo de minerales que necesita un ser vivo, lo cual aumenta el riesgo de problemas cardiovasculares, retención de líquidos e hipertensión, entre otros.

Además contiene absorbentes de humedad y anti apelmazantes, algunos de ellos perjudiciales para la salud..

Uno de ellos es el hidróxido de aluminio, que evita que la sal se pegue para que quede separada pero este componente es bastante tóxico y afecta al sistema nervioso y ha sido documentado que podría incluso conducir al Alzheimer.

También contiene flúor que en dosis elevadas es tóxico y potente cancerígeno.

No contiene potasio, por lo cual no favorece la bomba sodio-potasio de nuestras células.

Y el proceso de secado de la sal refinada cambia la estructura química y se destrozan los cristales que favorecen la asimilacion .

Es decir químicamente contienen sustancias muy distintas.

 

Introducción a la osmorregulacion:

Yo venía usado la salinidad ya hace buen tiempo en casos de hidropesia ( ayudando a curar peces en la web ) y otros, por ello en un momento decidi darle un tono cientifico a este tema y para ello le pedi a un amigo biotecnologo que me de su opinion para ayudarnos a todos a comprender este tema y usarlo de ser necesario, mi buen amigo Fran Im me respondio, aca les comparto el informe, espero les sea util para comprender mas este bello mundo, este es un granito de arena je saludos,..:

Fuente: Introducción a la Osmorregulación
Escrito 09-12-2013 a las 06:55 PM por Fran_lm 

Estimados compañeros:

El amigo Mariano me ha hecho notar recientemente que sería interesante contar con alguna noción relativa al concepto de osmorregulación en acuariofilia, por lo que he preparado este breve escrito que espero que os resulte tan sencillo como revelador.

Cómo empezar semejante tema acerca de la regulación del potencial osmótico si no es haciendo referencia al proceso conocido como “ósmosis”. Dicho de forma muy sencilla: existe un fenómeno de ósmosis cuando se da la existencia de una membrana semipermeable (como puede ser la membrana celular de los seres vivos) que separa dos medios líqudos con distinta concentración de solutos. Cuando esto ocurre, existe una tendencia termodinámica a que se igualen las concentraciones de soluto a ambos lados de la membrana mediante el paso de disolvente a través de la misma.

Dicho de otra manera: hay un flujo neto de disolvente desde el compartimento de menor concentración de soluto hasta el compartimento de mayor concentración de soluto, para así tratar de igualar las concentraciones, como aparece representado en la siguiente imagen: 

Pues bien, llevémonos este principio químico a un contexto biológico: la célula. Las células contienen en su interior multitud de solutos de diferentes características, y como ya he comentado con anterioridad, su membrana funciona como una membrana semipermeable; por lo tanto, si las células se encuentran en un medio con distinta concentración de solutos de la que hay en su interior, habrá fenómeno de ósmosis. Si la concentración de solutos (también conocida como osmolaridad), es mayor en el medio exterior que en el interior celular,

hablamos de que el medio es hipertónico o de que la células es hipotónica con respecto al medio, y para compensar esta diferencia el agua tiende a salir de la célula (se deshidrata).

En el caso contrario, si la osmolaridad del medio es menor que la del interior celular, decimos que el medio es hipotónico o que la célula es hipertónica con respecto al medio, y en este caso agua del medio entra a la célula (se hincha).

Nótese que cuando la osmolaridad del medio es igual a la del interior celular hablamos de un medio isotónico, donde no hay flujo neto de disolvente.

Con esta pequeña introducción, vámonos al acuario dulce: ¿Cómo lidian los peces con esta situación? Dado que el agua dulce tiene muy pocas sales disueltas (baja concentración de solutos), los peces de agua dulce son hipertónicos con respecto al medio.

Por lo explicado arriba, esto se traduce en un continuo paso de agua desde el medio hasta el interior del pez (de la zona de menor concentración de soluto hasta la de mayor concentración). Como os podéis imaginar, de no existir mecanismos de osmorregulación los peces se terminarían hinchando tanto que literalmente estallarían (de hecho es fácil ver este fenómeno con células aisladas incluso en casa, con un microscopio doméstico).

¿Cómo luchan contra este fenómeno los peces de agua dulce? Principalmente valiéndose de sus riñones, los cuales producen continuamente grandes cantidades de urina muy diluida, de esta manera, todo el agua que entra mediante mecanismo osmótico la compensan orinando el mismo volumen.

Me gustaría que os dieseis cuenta de que cuanto más blanda es el agua (menor concentración de solutos o materia a disolver) mayor es la presión osmótica contra la que los peces tienen que luchar, dado que es mayor la diferencia de concentraciones entre el medio y el interior del pez.

Y es precisamente este el fundamento y la utilidad de la “osmoterapia” o tratamiento (siempre temporal) con salinidad en el caso de peces enfermos (por ejemplo con retención de líquidos) o estresados.

Al añadir sal al agua, la diferencia entre la concentración de solutos en el agua del acuario y el interior del pez disminuye, por lo que disminuye la presión osmótica, por así decirlo el agua entra con menor fuerza en el pez, y este no tiene que “luchar” tanto contra este flujo de entrada de agua.

A modo de curiosidad, sin ánimo de extenderme más, me gustaría señalar que la situación de los peces de agua salada es completamente opuesta a los de agua dulce: son hipotónicos con respecto al medio (dada la alta concentración de solutos del agua salada), por lo que el agua, en vez de “entrar”, “sale” de ellos, lo cual exige mecanismos de osmorregulación completamente distintos a los de agua dulce, que implican la excreción de sales por parte del pez (disminuyendo así la osmolaridad interna).

Espero que este breve escrito os sea de interés y os ayude a entender el por qué de la osmoterapia en agua dulce, y si consideráis conveniente profundizar en alguna parte lo haré encantado.

 

Autor: Mariano Ariel Rodríguez. -  Argentina_ Chaco

Inscribe tu Email para recibir temas nuevos y novedades!!

 

2 votos. Media 5.00 de 5.

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Fecha última actualización: 27/04/2020