Acidos tanicos en el acuario

Ácidos tanicos, luces y sombras en el acuario

Los ácidos tánicos tienen muchísimos beneficios, en este tema podran aprender todo al respecto visto desde un punto de vista científico.

Hola amigos!! Aca les comparto un muy buen trabajo escrito por mi buen amigo Fran Im, espero sea util, saludos..

Ácidos tánicos: Luces y Sombras 

 

Estimados compañeros:

La madera es sin lugar a dudas una de las primeras opciones decorativas de muchos tipos de acuario de agua dulce, y tras de ella se extiende una larga sombra que viene no en color negro, sino en un espectro continuo que parte de esta oscura tonalidad hasta el claro amarillo pasando por todos los tonos de marrones imaginables: hablamos de los denominados "taninos" o “ácidos tánicos”.

Mucho se ha escrito, sudado y jurado en respuesta a este particular conjunto de metabolitos secundarios de origen vegetal, y muchas veces persiguiendo su pronta desaparición del acuario, a mi juicio, principalmente fruto del desconocimiento y la desinformación, y casi siempre innecesaria. Es por tanto mi intención con este escrito tratar de aportar algo de luz sobre este oscuro (o ambarino) y malinterpretado aspecto de nuestros acuarios de agua dulce, sin otro objeto que así poder tomar decisiones razonadas al enfrentarse a situaciones en las que los taninos sean protagonistas, en vez de sucumbir al pánico, recomendaciones infundadas o prejuicios.

 

La identidad química de los ácidos tánicos:

“Tanino” es una denominación derivada del término inglés “tanning” (curtido) que recibieron estas sustancias dado que este era uno de sus más comunes usos: la obtención de cuero a partir de piel mediante la aplicación de determinados extractos vegetales. Hoy sabemos que estas sustancias son un grupo de compuestos polifenólicos de estructura variada y alto peso molecular que se caracterizan por su capacidad de unión y desnaturalización de una serie de biomoléculas, entre las que se encuentran y destacan las proteínas, pero de las que no se puede obviar su tendencia a la formación de complejos con aminoácidos, polisacáridos, alcaloides y minerales.

Estas heterogéneas sustancias están ampliamente distribuidas en el reino vegetal, tanto en gimnospermas como angiospermas, donde desempeñan funciones tales como protección frente a agentes de estrés biótico (bacteriano, fúngico, de insectos), regulación del crecimiento vegetal y maduración del fruto, entre otras en las que en cualquier caso para nuestros intereses no merece la pena ahondar.

Dada la naturaleza fenólica de estos metabolitos secundarios, su síntesis se realiza a través de la ruta del ácido siquímico (también conocida como fenilpropanoides), a partir de la cual se generan dos clases principales de taninos: 1) los taninos hidrolizables, que son polímeros de polioles (normalmente D-glucosa) esterificados con unidades de ácido gálico o elágico y 2) los taninos no hidrolizables o condensados, que son polímeros de derivados hidroxilados de flavona (flavanos) y los más abundantes, luego de mayor interés. Adicionalmente, en ocasiones se reconocen otros tipos de taninos de menor consideración general: los florotaninos, polímeros del floroglucinol y, los denominados pseudotaninos, que carecen de utilidad en el curtido (reflejo de su falta de actividad frente a proteínas), de ahí que no se los considere auténticos taninos.

 

Metabolismo secundario: ruta del ácido siquímico.

 

Tanino hidrolizable (nótesen las estereficaciones con ácido gálico)

Tanino condensado (nótese el esqueleto flavonoide hidroxilado)

Un polímero de floroglucinol: un florotanino

El ácido gálico forma parte de los ésteres de los taninos hidrolizables, pero de forma asilada se considera un pseudotanino.

Taninos en el acuario:

Resulta ampliamente conocido que el principal medio por el que los ácidos tánicos llegan al acuario es a través de la madera habitualmente empleada como decoración, si bien es cierto que la turba o la materia vegetal en descomposición también son fuente de estos compuestos. Sea como fuere su incorporación al mismo, la presencia de estos compuestos en el acuario tiene una serie de repercusiones de diversa índole, las cuales trato de recoger y analizar a continuación.

 

Color:

La primera y más evidente, a nadie se le escapa, es la llamativa tinción del agua, que, a medida que aumenta la concentración de estas sustancias, toma desde una tonalidad de pálido amarillo hasta un sombrío marrón, adquiriendo en este punto la famosa denominación de "aguas negras" (típicas de biotopos amazónicos). Esto, por regla general, pone nervioso y desagrada al acuariófilo medio, pues por un lado desea un agua cristalina en su acuario y por otro tiene asumida la errónea relación "más claridad implica mejor estado de los habitantes del acuario"; y digo que esto último es errado pues precisamente, la mayoría de los peces y plantas más habitualmente mantenidos nuestros acuarios (especialmente de origen americano) habitan en aguas tintadas (no hay más que estudiar el hábitat en cuestión), entre otros con ácidos tánicos, luego este color recrea su ambiente natural, confiriéndoles comodidad y seguridad.

En el entorno natural, muchos de los habitantes del acuario no se encuentran en aguas transparentes, véase un ejemplo de “agua negra”.
 

Un segundo efecto que se desprende de la presencia de taninos es la acidificación del pH del acuario, natural dada la estructura polifenólica (ácida) de estos compuestos. No obstante, y si me permitís, la parte más interesante de este aspecto es que no solo se produce una disminución del pH, sino también de la dureza del agua, algo a priori menos intuitivo que la acidificación, y que con frecuencia solo se cita, son aportar una explicación medianamente seria al respecto. A continuación trataré de exponerlo de la forma más clara posible:

Acidificación del acuario y disminución del PH:

Los grupos fenólicos de los ácidos tánicos poseen un carácter de ácido débil, esto significa que su desprotonación se debe ver asistida por algún grupo que funcione como base, y hay que tener en cuenta que esta desprotonación es necesaria para la solubilización de los taninos en medios polares o hidrófilos (como el agua), de lo contrario, son sustancias más bien hidrófobas.

Pues bien, ¿qué bases presentes en el agua de nuestros acuario encajan en esta reactividad? Fácil: aniones carbonato y bicarbonato, que se convierten en aceptores de esos protones de los ácidos tánicos.

Para dejarlo incluso más masticado, veamos cómo afecta esto que acabo de decir al tampón bicarbonato/carbonato, guardián del PH del acuario:

Como se puede observar en la ecuación, la absorción de protones por parte de aniones carbonato y bicarbonato “inclina” la ecuación hacia la izquierda, reduciéndose de esta forma la concentración de estos aniones, y quedando así explicada la bajada de KH que provocan los ácidos tánicos. Adicionalmente, se puede ver fácilmente cómo esta pérdida de bases libres afecta a la acidificación del pH que comentaba anteriormente.

¿Qué ocurre con la dureza general del agua del acuario (GH)? En presencia de un medio apolar o hidrófobo, esa reacción ácido-base entre ácidos tánicos y carbonatos se saldaría, además de con la protonación de estos últimos, con la formación de sales de los taninos con los cationes, monovalentes o divalentes, presentes en el medio (por ejemplo, calcio si añadimos carbonato de calcio a un extracto con taninos). Sin embargo, ya hemos dicho que el agua es un medio polar, luego la formación de estas sales no puede ser la causante del secuestro de cationes responsables del GH, pues estas se encuentran disueltas (disociadas). El secuestro de estos cationes (calcio y magnesio siendo los más relevantes de cara al GH) viene dado por la capacidad de los ácidos tánicos, como señalaba en la introducción, de formar complejos de coordinación con estos cationes, dado su carácter donador de electrones, funcionando por lo tanto como quelantes y reduciendo la disponibilidad de estos elementos. De esta manera queda explicados los cambios observados en pH, GH y KH originados por los ácidos tánicos.

 

Química de coordinación: el metal queda secuestrado por sus ligandos

Es necesario resaltar que el impacto de los taninos en pH y KH es un aspecto que hay que vigilar estrechamente, pues un nivel inadecuado de dureza de carbonatos (KH) puede conducir a bruscas variaciones de pH, lo cual deteriora rápidamente la salud de los habitantes del acuario. Por otro lado, esta característica de los ácidos tánicos hace que su presencia sea más que interesante en acuarios biotopos, o de inclinación, amazónica, donde se buscan aguas ácidas y blandas, de lo que se benefician tanto peces como plantas. De hecho, la mayoría de los peces y plantas que se tienes habitualmente en el acuario medio, prefieren aguas ligeramente ácidas.

 

Biología:

Un tercer aspecto que queda por tratar es el referido al impacto directo de los ácidos tánicos en los habitantes del acuario. Existen estudios que indican que los taninos tienen diversos efectos positivos sobre la salud de los peces, entre los que comúnmente se citan 1) la capacidad de prevenir infecciones virales, bacterianas y fúngicas, 2) de estimular la reproducción de determinada especies, 3) protección frente a mutagénesis, 4) junto con su conocida capacidad antioxidante (principalmente sobre radicales superóxido) y otros efectos beneficiosos sobre el sistema inmune y metabolismo.

Por otro lado, en concentraciones muy elevadas (mucho más de lo que habitualmente se alcanza en acuarios), su capacidad de precipitar proteínas resulta perniciosa, lo cual incluye la inactivación de enzimas, y su actividad quelante, que dificulta la absorción de minerales. Grosso modo, esto se traduce en que cantidades moderadas de ácidos tánicos en el acuario resultan beneficiosas para los habitantes del mismo, como avalan cada vez más estudios.

 

La sentencia:

Llegados a este punto, me gustaría repasar lo anteriormente expuesto: ¿Qué motivos hay para tan apresurada y concienzudamente tratar de evitar tanto la introducción como la presencia de taninos en el acuario? Según lo que hemos visto, podemos pensar en más bien pocos: 1) poseer un biotopo de aguas básicas y duras (como pueda ser el de cíclidos africanos), donde efectivamente su presencia resultaría contraproducente, 2) poseer especies especialmente sensibles a la presencia de taninos (que son pocas) y 3) desear un agua cristalina en el acuario, sin más motivo que el meramente estético, a pesar de que esto prive a su sistema de beneficios químicos y biólogicos. Para todos los demás sistemas, la presencia de ácidos tánicos se está mostrando cada vez más beneficiosa y más son los acuariófilos que descubren lo infundandos que estaban sus antiguos temores hacia el agua ambarina.

Me gustaría terminar, para que quede presente, citando a un hombre que en su tiempo dictó lo siguiente: "Todo es veneno, nada es sin veneno. Solo la dosis hace el veneno". Estas palabras pertenecen a Paracelso, y en efecto advierten que por buena que sea una sustancia, pasado un limite de cantidad o concentración, el beneficio para a ser perjuicio. Esto ocurre con todo, y los taninos no son excepción, como ya hemos señalado anteriormente, por lo que su concentración ha de ser controlada si se sospecha poseer niveles muy altos de estas sustancias. Adicionalmente, también me gustaría volver a reseñar que, aunque no abundan, también hay especies que no tienen una gran tolerancia a estos compuestos, hecho que se debería conocer de antemano (mediante el estudio del hábitat natural y otras referencias) y actuar en consecuencia.


 

Autor:  Fran_lm 11-08-2013, 08:13 PM 

Editor: Mariano Ariel Rodríguez. -  Argentina_ Chaco

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2 votos. Media 5.00 de 5.

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Fecha última actualización: 11/03/2020