Protozoo

2_ Protozoo

Amoeba, una ameba.

Paramecium, un ciliado típico.

Giardia, un flagelado parásito.

Los protozoos, también llamados protozoarios, son organismos microscópicos, unicelulares eucariotas;heterótrofos, fagótrofos, depredadores o detritívoros, a vecesmixótrofos (parcialmente autótrofos); que viven en ambientes húmedos o directamente en medios acuáticos, ya sean aguas saladas o aguas dulces.

La reproducción puede ser asexual por bipartición y también sexual por isogametos o por conjugación intercambiando material genético. En este grupo encajan taxones muy diversos con una relación de parentesco remota, que se encuadran en muchos filos distintos del reino Protista, definiendo un grupo parafilético, sin valor en la clasificación de acuerdo con los criterios actuales.

El protozoólogo Thomas Cavalier-Smith ha recuperado la versión latina de este nombre para denominar a un reino eucariótico, el reino Protozoa, cuyos límites no coinciden con el concepto tradicional.^[1]

CaracterísticasEditar

Los protozoos se extienden generalmente desde los 10-50 μm, pero pueden crecer hasta 1 milímetro, y pueden fácilmente ser vistos a través de un microscopio. Se mueven con unas colas en forma de látigo llamadas flagelos. Se han encontrado cerca de 30.000 especies. Los protozoos existen en ambientes acuosos y en el suelo, ocupando una gama de niveles tróficos. Como depredadores, cazan algas, bacterias, y microhongos unicelulares o filamentosos. Los protozoos desempeñan un papel como herbívoros y como consumidores en el acoplamiento del proceso de descomposición de la cadena alimentaria. Los protozoos también desempeñan un papel vital en el control de biomasa y población bacteriana. Pueden absorber el alimento a través de sus membranas celulares. Todos los protozoos digieren su alimento en el estómago -tienen gusto de los compartimientos llamados las vacuolas. [2] Como componentes del micro- y del meiofauna, los protozoos son una fuente importante del alimento para los microinvertebrados. Así, el papel ecológico de protozoos en la transferencia de la producción bacteriana y algácea a los niveles tróficos sucesivos es importante. Los protozoos tales como los parásitos de malaria (Plasmodium spp.), trypanosomes y leishmania son también importantes como parásitos y symbionts de animales multicelulares. Algunos protozoos tienen etapas de la vida el alternar entre las etapas proliferativas (e.g. trophozoites) y los quistes inactivos. Como quistes, los protozoos pueden sobrevivir condiciones ásperas, tales como exposición a las temperaturas extremas y a los productos químicos dañosos, o largos periodos sin el acceso a los alimentos, al agua, o al oxígeno por un período. El ser un quiste permite a especie parásita sobrevivir fuera del anfitrión, y permite su transmisión a partir de un anfitrión a otro. Cuando los protozoos están bajo la forma de trophozoites (el Griego, trophé = alimentar), alimentan y crecen activamente. El proceso por el cual los protozoos toman su forma del quiste se llama encystation, mientras que el proceso de la transformación nuevamente dentro del trophozoite se llama excystation. Los protozoos pueden reproducirse por la fisión binaria o la fisión múltiple. Algunos protozoos se reproducen sexualmente, otros lo hacen asexualmente, mientras que un tercer grupo utiliza una combinación de ambos procesos (eg. Coccidios). Un protozoo individual es hermafrodita. Otro nombre para los protozoos es Acrita (R. Owen, 1861). Pueden causar malaria o disentería amébica.

HistoriaEditar

Dibujo de Pseudomonilicaryon anser publicado en Animalcula Infusoria (Muller, 1786).

El primero en observar protozoos fueLeeuwenhoek, que en 1674 los descubrió al utilizar microscopios de fabricación propia. Al reportarlos a la Royal Society se les denominó animálculos. Este descubrimiento lo efectuó en un lago de su ciudad natal Delft, donde observó especialmente ciliados como Vorticella y algas unicelulares comoEuglena y Volvox.

NombreEditar

El nombre Protozoa (protozoos) fue acuñado por Georg Goldfuss en 1818 para agrupar a los que consideraba animales primigenios. En 1820 propuso la clase Protozoa^[2] dentro del reino Animal, en la cual englobaba a los infusorios (Ciliophora), a los Lithozoa corales, Phytozoa (algas unicelulares pigmentadas y fotosintetizadoras) y Medusinae (medusas y otros relacionados). Así pues, el concepto fue diferente del de Honigberg (1964), donde sólo los ciliados son comunes a ambas definiciones.

El nombre se compone de las raíces griegas πρώτο (proto), primero, y ζώο[ν] (zoo[n]), animal, y revela que, en su origen, el concepto expresaba la tradición de clasificar toda forma de vida en los reinos animal o vegetal. Así pues se llamaba protozoos a las formas muy sencillas que se consideraba animales, lo mismo que protófitas a los microorganismos considerados vegetales.

UnicelularidadEditar

En 1845 Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold utilizó el nombre para designar a un filo de animales dividido en dos clases, Infusoria, equivalentes al actual filo Ciliophora (Ciliados), y Rhizopoda, más o menos equivalentes a los de Honigberg. Von Siebold los describió como «animales unicelulares». Hay que tener en cuenta que en esos años estaba recibiendo su consagración lateoría celular. No todos, en las décadas siguientes, estuvieron de acuerdo con la interpretación de Von Siebold, viendo muchos a estos organismos como un caso de organización acelular. Fue necesario el desarrollo de la microscopía electrónica, a mediados del siglo XX, para que se viera confirmada de manera definitiva la homología entre el organismo protozoario entero y cada una de las células en que se basa la organización microscópica de los organismos complejos.^[3] Fue Dujardin quien primero, en esos años, reconoció el carácter unicelular del protoplasma de losforaminíferos, encontrando Von Siebold así la autoridad para definir como unicelulares a los miembros del filo.

En 1858, R. Owen eleva a Protozoa a la categoría de reino para separarlo de animales y vegetales.^[4]

Clasificación clásica

Editar

Para una clasificación moderna, véase Protista y Protozoa (sensu Cavalier-Smith)

La clasificación de Honigberg & col. (1964),^[5] dominante en los textos de Zoología, trata a los protozoos como un sólo filo dividido en cuatro clases basadas sobre todo en el modo de locomoción. Debido a que todas estas formas se desarrollan por evolución convergente, las clases son en realidad complejos grupos polifiléticos:

Rizópodos o sarcodinos (Rhizopoda). Rhizopoda comprende los grupos amoebozoa, foraminífera, radiolarios y heliozoa. amebas, :
Amoeba radiante: foto del video se desplazan por medio de pseudópodos, es decir, formando apéndices temporales desde su superficie y como proyección del citoplasma. Los pseudópodos son deformaciones del citoplasma y de la membrana plasmática que se producen en la dirección el desplazamiento y que arrastran tras de sí al resto de la célula. Los pseudópodos también son utilizados para capturar el alimento, que engloban en el interior, en el proceso llamado fagocitosis. Según los pseudópodos sean muy gruesos o muy delgados, son de dos tipos: con lobopodios (gruesos) como Lobosea(Amoebozoa) y con filopodios diversos generalmente acompañados de un exoesqueleto con microtúbulos y son tales como: Presione el nombre para ver el tema : radiolarios, foraminíferos, nuclearias, heliozoos y otros.
Ciliados (Ciliophora). Éste es el grupo tradicional que más se identifica como grupo natural en las clasificaciones modernas con la categoría de filo; aunque las opalinatas que son cromistastambién encuadran dentro de este concepto. Aparecen rodeados de cilios y presentan una estructura interna compleja pero análoga a los flagelos, los cuales también se relacionan concitoesqueleto y centriolos. El paramecio (género Paramecium) es un representante muy popular del grupo. Además, los cilios son filamentos cortos y muy numerosos que con su movimiento provocan el desplazamiento de la célula. Otros Ciliados:Peritrich Suctoria, Coleps ,Lacrymaria, Stentor, Spirostomum,
FlagelSpirostomumados o mastigóforos (Mastigophora).
Se distinguen por la posesión de uno o másflagelos. Los flagelos son filamentos más largos que los cilios cuyo movimiento impulsa a la célula. Suelen presentarse en un número reducido. Las formas unicelulares desnudas (sin pared celular), dotadas de sólo uno o dos flagelos, representan la forma original de la que derivan todos los eucariontes. Por eso son tantos y tan variados los protistas diferentes que encajan en este concepto. Las plantas por ejemplo derivan ancestralmente de protozoos biflagelados que adquirieron los plastos por endosimbiosis con una Cyanobacteria. Varios protozoos portanplastos y son por lo tanto autótrofos o mixótrofos como los dinoflagelados y euglenas. LosMetamonada tienen dos o múltiples flagelos, son anaerobios y en su mayoría simbiontes o parásitos de animales. Entre los uniflagelados están los coanoflagelados, ancestrales de los animales y los quitridios, ancestrales de los hongos.
Esporozoos o Apicomplexa. Sporozoa de la malaria.. Parasitos con una fase de esporulación (división múltiple) y sin mayor movilidad. Hay varios grupos distintos sin mayor relación y no son todos protistas, sino que también hay animales y hongos. El ejemplo más conocido es el plasmodio (géneroPlasmodium), causante de la malaria y que pertenece al grupo de los apicomplejos, grupo más conocido que suele reservar para sí el nombre de Sporozoa. Los Haplosporidios se les considera parte de Cercozoa. A estos dos grupos se les ha reunido durante mucho tiempo bajo el nombre de Cnidosporidios. Los Ichthiosporea son un grupo más reciente y están dentro de Choanozoa. Los microsporidios están ahora adscritos al reino Fungi y los mixosporidios o mixozoos al reinoAnimal.

Fuente: Wikipedia

Comentarios (14)

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It's important to note that your core shall be labored with the big compound lifts.
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It’s really helpful that you begin with an unweighted bar
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The barbell row is doubtless one of the greatest compound pulling workout routines for
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Working out produces waste products in the muscle cells—the results
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Women will see all the above once they start following
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The first main problem for ladies is their worry of getting bulky.

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In addition, I've included no much less
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Working a 5-day exercise routine has many benefits when you do it correctly.

Right Here are some causes this might be the most effective program you
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‌Circuit coaching is a strong tool‌ to extend the depth of your exercise and increase cardiovascular output at the identical time
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Read this article had been I review some scientific research on the topic.
Very straightforward cardio, like cycling or walking,
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The first two weeks of the program are all about lifting
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If you feel your again rounding, cut back the weight and refocus on your type.
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It was initially shared over the course of eight weeks in 2015 on his
weblog. The program is designed to be run in preparation for a weightlifting competitors and may be considered a peaking program.
Although this text is not going to totally disclose the training
programs, it will talk about the main ideas of the legendary Arnold split.

Recovery is among the most important elements of an effective program, and a
full physique workout plan ensures you don't overtrain.
I love full physique exercises as a result of every train counts, leading to a
coaching program where each single exercise is of utmost importance.
If you propose on coaching greater than three days every week, select a different exercise split.

Strength training may help you protect and enhance your
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is to build muscle mass or achieve a fitter, more toned
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On the surface, this article is a 12-week muscle-building program.
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a dedication to unlocking your potential. The 12-week program outlined above is simply the place
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It is essential to maintain up good type all through the set,
in order quickly as you notice your form beginning to
fail, reduce the amount of weight being lifted or take a relaxation. The
objective is to raise heavy and nicely, not carry heavy and get damage.
Be certain to have a spotter when performing workouts such
as a again squat, bench press and overhead press, particularly when studying a
model new train or going up in weight. The overhead press
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basic train in weightlifting, powerlifting, bodybuilding, sports, and
general energy training.
This should help process the train ordering and determine how to read the units, reps, supersets, and trisets.
The amount of weight you should carry will depend on your
health level, how shortly you progress, and finally how
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vitality to power training as it deserves. Be sure to examine with your physician earlier
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Going low carb can optimize insulin sensitivity,
meaning you metabolize carbs extra effectively so you could
wish to attempt it on a training or non-training day.
And bear in mind, don’t overcomplicate the method of gaining mass!
Simply stick to those basics and visualize your
self making gains. And if you concentrate on it, you’re
also working the entire back-side of your body.
This is part that some could neglect as a end result of again and hamstrings aren't as visible to us (or to the mirror!).

As properly as targeting your front delts, the barbell overhead press may even hit your pecs, traps and mid-back.
You Will just be doing three units of this exercise, with a focus
on eccentric reps. However then we throw in a burn out set to completely annihilate the shoulders.
As you get stronger it takes extra time to warm-up to your working weights and you want to constantly be including extra work via growing the load, sets and/or
reps carried out. Your health club workouts will usually be 6-10
sets of few reps with the identical weight to accumulate quantity and strength over time.
Quite A Few units with few reps are the best way to gain maximal power because you are practicing your setup and method with
intense weights, quite a few instances during a exercise.
As talked about above, stimulating muscle progress occurs when muscles
are pushed past their consolation zones. Be positive to include some
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To additional explore proper form and variations for the
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features step-by-step instructions for every motion. Snatch pulls have several benefits that make
them indispensable for weightlifters. It also helps you fine-tune your
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